The Notion Of A Semantic Field English Language Essay

The Notion Of A Semantic Field English Language Essay The motivation behind the current section is to talk about the idea of a semantic field, action words which structure semantic fields, action words of observation and real sensation just as figurative utilization of the action words: to see. Semantics is the term which portrays the investigation of importance. It establishes a piece of semantics, comparatively like significance comprises a piece of language. What semantics is keen on, is connection which happens between etymological units, similar to words or sentences, just as the world. It is keen on how sentences which show up in characteristic language show reality and how they identify with people groups mental portrayals of the real world. There are a few sorts of semantics: businesslike semantics, which manages the significance of expressions in setting, sentence semantics, which possesses with the importance of sentences and significance relations between them, lexical semantics, which concerns the significance of words and the importance relations which show up in the jargon of a language. There are likewise two viewpoints: philosophical or semantic. The main concerns the legitimate properties of language, the idea of formal speculations just as the language of rationale. The second involves with all parts of significance which show up in regular dialects, starting from the importance of complex articulations in given settings and separate sounds in syllables. As per Saussurean and post-Saussurean auxiliary semanticists, the importance of any phonetic unit is dictated by the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations which hold between that unit and other etymological units in a language-framework. Lexemes and different units that are semantically related, paradigmatically or syntagmatically, inside a given language can be said to have a place with, or to be individuals from, a similar field; and a field whose components are lexemes, is a lexical field. Accordingly, it is a paradigmatically and syntagmatically built vocabularys subset. The most grounded variant of field-hypothesis expect that a dialects jargon establishes shut arrangement of lexemes which can be partitioned into a lot of lexical fields that is isolated into subsets. Another suspicion of field-hypothesis is that shut arrangements of lexemes, which can be open or vague, are both the jargon and every one of the fields in the jargon. Likewise, the entire jargon is supposed to be a field which comprises of indistinguishable components from the lexical fields.â [1]â The hypothesis of semantic field, which is keen on the examination of sense, was proposed by various German and Swiss researchers during the 1920s and 1930s, particularly by Ipsen, Jolles, Porzig and Trier, be that as it may, its causes can be found in nineteenth century. As indicated by Jost Trier, the jargon of a language is an incorporated arrangement of lexemes interrelated in sense; still, the framework is evolving. We can see that lexemes which existed in the past are vanishing now as new lexemes supplant them however we likewise see that the relations of sense which hold between a specific lexeme just as neighboring lexemes in the framework, are changing constantly. Any reaching out of lexemes concerns a relating narrowing of at least one neighbors of them. As indicated by Trier, the way that it expects to list the progressions which occurred in the implications of individual lexemes all in all or independently, rather than looking at changes in the entire structure of the jar gon through time, is one of the most significant disadvantages of customary diachronic semantics. Trier analyzed the structure of one lexical field at once with the structure of a lexical field at some other point. Regardless of the way that they establish distinctive lexical fields, as they have a place with various synchronic language-frameworks, they concern the equivalent reasonable field and that is the reason they are similar. Trier asserts that the part-entire connection between specific lexemes which are deciphered inside the lexical field, is indistinguishable or like the part-entire connection between the lexical fields and the entire jargon. Fields are living real factors moderate between singular words and the totality of the jargon; as parts of an entire they share with words the property of being incorporated in a bigger structure and with the jargon the property of being organized as far as littler units. [2] For case, the lexical field of shading terms includes t he lexemes: dark, white, red, green, yellow, blue, orange and so on and comparatively, the lexical field of colour terms, just as those of kindship terms, military positions, vehicles, among others are just pieces of the entire English jargon. Likewise, the general lexeme red can be viewed as a lexical field inside which the specific lexemes red, blood red, vermillion can be deciphered. A lexical field is comprised of the arrangement of lexemes in each language-framework which spread the applied region and offers structure to it utilizing the relations of sense among them; and each lexeme will cover some calculated region which might be developed similarly as a field by another arrangement of lexemes. In this way, the feeling of a lexeme comprises a calculated zone inside a theoretical field, and an idea is a reasonable zone which is associated with a lexeme. Contrasting two diachronically extraordinary lexical fields, which have a place with the equivalent theoretical field, it very well may be discovered that no progressions can be watched either in the arrangement of lexemes which have a place with the two fields or in sense-relations which show up between them; that one lexeme supplant another, in any case, without changes in the inner structure of the applied field, that no adjustments in the arrangement of lexemes can be watched however an adjustment in the in side structure of the calculated field; that a few lexemes supplanted others and the inward structure of the reasonable field has changed too; lastly, that a few changes in the interior structure of the theoretical field caused that at least one of the lexemes has been included or lost. As per a few pundits, field-hypothesis can be all around grounded distinctly for theoretical words investigation, be that as it may, there is no proof which underpins this announcement. Triers hypothesis of applied and lexical fields accept that there is an unstructured substance of importance, which underlies the vocabularies everything being equal. Each language explains reality in its own specific manner, along these lines making its own specific perspective on the real world and setting up its own extraordinary ideas. Instead of Trier, Porzig presented an idea of semantic fields guaranteeing that there are the relations of sense between sets of lexemes which are joined syntagmatically which brought about a discussion which hypothesis was ideal. Porzigs hypothesis was depended on the relationship inside collocations which are comprised of a thing and an action word or a thing and a descriptive word. These two lexemes in every collocation are associated by a fundamental importance connection. Lexemes vary by virtue of the opportunity with which they can be blended in collocations with different lexemes. From one viewpoint, there are descriptive words as fortunate or unfortunate which can arrange with pretty much every thing, and, then again, there is a descriptor as smelly which can gather just with butter.â [3]â The hypothesis of semantic fields is associated with immediate or circuitous endeavors of examining the structure of some semantic or lexical fields, for example, the chain of command of military positions, numerals, shading just as kindship terms. Semantic field or semantic area are terms utilized for the terms lexical field or lexical set. As indicated by Crystal, semantic or lexical field is a named region of importance where lexemes interrelate and characterize each other in explicit manners. For example, the lexical field of relationship terms incorporates the lexemes: father, mother, child, little girl, cousin, nephew, uncle, auntie, granddad, grandma, and so on. As indicated by lexical field hypothesis, the jargon of language is fundamentally a dynamic and very much incorporated arrangement of lexemes organized by connections of significance. Precious stone cases that there are three sorts of troubles which can be experience while allocating all the words in English in lexical fields. Right off the bat, a few lexemes can have a place with fields that are uncertain and hard to characterize. Furthermore, a few lexemes can be doled out to more than one field. For example, orange can be allocated to the field of organic product or to the field of shading, tomato as natural product or vegetable. Another trouble concerns the best arrangement in characterizing a lexical field regarding different fields and its constituent lexemes. These troubles show the way that the English jargon doesn't comprise of discrete fields in which a proper spot can be found by each lexeme. In any case, a ton of lexemes can be grouped into fields and sub-fields precisely .â [4]â Words, which allude to a specific class and which split a semantic field, as a rule are contrary. For example, it is difficult to state: This is a red cap and This is a green cap of a similar item. We additionally can't decide a similar creature as a lion and as an elephant. Language regularly shows this inconsistency. For instance, in the accompanying sentence: It was on Saturday that she went there, obviously she didn't go there on some other day of the week, and in the sentence: Bill punched Mary, plainly he didn't kick or slap her, despite the fact that punch, kick and slap have a place with the equivalent semantic field. In any case, there are a few terms which can be portrayed as blends, for example, an orange-red cap, or tigon, which is the combination of a lion and a tiger. In circumstance in which such terms are presented, various words inside the field increments and the field is split in more noteworthy detail. Now and again, which concern the creature names, the different iation between the terms in the field is clear just as reflected by clear qualifications in experience. In different cases, differentiations are not all that cleared. The things in the f

Art History Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Workmanship History Final Project - Essay Example The Italian Renaissance is probably the longest time of workmanship. The Italian renaissance began from the fourteenth century to the sixteenth century. Italian Renaissance denotes the improvement of workmanship from the medieval period to early European Modern canvases. Why at that point are there just a couple of artworks existing today that were painted during this period? All things considered, the appropriate response is very straightforward. Since the world had not yet experienced globalization during this time, just a couple of artworks were saved and spared during this time. In any case, there were numerous painters in this time yet just a couple of them got well known. Most painters during this period, and the craftsmanship time frames before this didn't pick up notoriety from their specialty. This likewise clarifies the explanation that Italian Renaissance canvases are uncommon and over the top expensive when contrasted with more up to date works of art. Italian Renaissance started in the city of Florence. Florence additionally built up the valuation for craftsmanship in esteem, when the rich individuals of Florence began seeing workmanship as a significant thing. This at that point prompted painters and specialists seeing craftsmanship as a side interest as well as an approach to bring in cash (Benton and DiYanni 47). During this time of craftsmanship, craftsmen started seeing workmanship as low maintenance diversion as well as they made it an all day work. Along these lines, craftsmen started to devote all their acumen, enthusiasm and time to painting in this way improving the idea of their works of art from basic artistic expressions to pragmatist artworks. The Renaissance time likewise made a stage for virtuoso painters to improve their aptitudes, practicing more in workmanship advancement. Creative thoughts and better approaches for painting started to create among numerous painters. Another significant trademark about the period was the way that it prompted improvement of craftsmanship, yet additionally the advancement of a way of thinking named as humanism. Humanism made individuals to scrutinize the intelligence and information they had obtained and

Briefly discuss an activity or organization that you have participated Essay

Quickly examine a movement or association that you have taken an interest in outside a social gathering - Essay Example Crises and catastrophes are to be managed gigantic consideration and I took in this from my experience. In my action I was engaged with all the happenings of the emergency clinic. From the outset I needed to comprehend the ideas of medicinal services so I could loan a chipping close by to the people. I made it a point to work with specialists so I could comprehend regarding how they were finishing their errands. I went with various specialists to perceive how they were performing at various levels. In crisis treatment I saw that the specialists were taking care of the circumstance smoothly with the goal that the patient didn't experience extreme pressure. All the specialists had an alternate method for working through which they were fulfilling their patients. It was by going with the specialists that I figured out how to fulfill the patients as well. I dealt with the patients by chipping in as a medical caretaker and gave the consideration that they required. I remained with the pat ients for long looking to their necessities and advising the applicable specialists concerning what was slacking for each patient. I additionally helped in furnishing the patients with the applicable prescriptions as recommended by the specialist. Soothing the patients was of most extreme significance and I satisfied that task effectively. I sat with patients and conversed with them for long when they were troubled so they didn't feel alone.

How To Give Your Application A Final Check

document.createElement('audio'); http://media.blubrry.com/admissions_straight_talk/p/www.accepted.com/linda_abraham_admissions_assortment.mp3Podcast: Play in new window | Download | EmbedSubscribe: Apple Podcasts | Android | Google Podcasts | Stitcher | TuneIn | SpotifyAdmissions season is going strong and the application questions are pouring in. Listen in as Linda Abraham answers some of the most common questions of the season and shares her formula for giving your application the ultimate last check before you hit submit. 1:31 – MBA applicant dilemma: Round 1 advantage vs. improving credentials and applying in Round 2. 3:27 – Med applicant dilemma: Make a mad dash and apply this year vs. wait for (gasp) next summer and apply early. 6:06 – Submitting essays this season? Find out what you need to do before you submit. 7:19 – The 3 purposes of all application essays. 8:45 – The must-haves of an application essay (and how to make sure your essay has them). 15:31 – The 3 As of essay editing. *Theme music is courtesy of podcastthemes.com Related Links: †¢ The Check Your Application Cheat Sheet †¢ Essay Editing 101 Pages: MBA, Med School, Grad School, Law School, College †¢ Application Final Check Service   Related Shows: †¢Ã‚  How To Think Like A Dean Of Admissions †¢Ã‚  It’s MBA Season: Do You Know Where Your Applications Are? †¢Ã‚  An Interview With Our Own: Herman â€Å"Flash† Gordon †¢Ã‚  The 4 Must-Haves Of A Grad School Application †¢Ã‚  Application Timing: When Should You Submit? Subscribe:

What Is an Intensive Property

An intensive property is a property of matter that does not change as the amount of matter changes. It is a bulk property, which means it is a physical property that is not dependent on the size or mass of a sample. In contrast, an extensive property is one that does depend on sample size. Examples of extensive properties include mass and volume. The ratio of two extensive properties, however, is an intensive property (e.g., density is mass per unit volume). Examples of Intensive Properties Examples of intensive properties include: DensitySpecific GravitySpecific HeatTemperatureHardnessRefractive IndexBoiling PointConcentrationPressureSpecific VolumeChemical PotentialColorMolality

Thesis Statement The Upper Middle Class - 1093 Words

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Marketing management Strategies

Question: Give three examples of key performance measures that are forward looking and more predictive. What aspect of the value chain are they measuring? How do these measures tie to specific strategies in your business unit? Does the business culture enable or block its business strategy and/or does it have an effect on financial performance in the value chain? Provide a rationale in support of your answer. What are cultural norms that govern the organization, and what types of behaviors does the culture promote or punish? Answer: Three Examples of Key Performance Measures that is forward-looking and predictive Profit One of the traditional financial performance measures adopted by an organization is checking on the profit margin. It requires continuous monitoring of profits for spotting the risky projects as well as project portfolios for the same. It is necessary for ascertaining the determination of profitability for continuous cash flow within an organization. Revenues Organization aims at revenue generation from the projects that are progressive in nature. It mainly compares prior years and depends upon the small number of projects based upon the financial metrics in an overall manner (Dahlstrom, 2011). This particular financial measure helps in determining in the success or failures for acquiring the necessary projects. It mainly monitors the revenue for maintaining relationship with other organization. Costs Organizations aim at cost minimization that mainly helps in monitoring of costs and critical focus in an overall manner. Continuous supply of raw materials as well as labor will help in determination of slim margins for quick disappearance of abstracting losses in the near future. Aspects of value chain It is necessary to consider the designing performance measurement system. It helps in transforming from measured performance into complex systems for the desired production units in an organization. It mainly describes production process system for several distinct stages in value chain management in the most appropriate form. Value chain helps in measuring the compliance audit functions for production of desired outputs for overall social outcomes in the near future (Ferrell Hartline, 2011). It mainly concentrates on managing performance measurement for related process as well as procedures for the same. It handles and monitors outputs as well as workload measures for determining the overall productivity of business enterprise. Specific strategies for business unit Business Organization should conduct specified strategies for attainment of future goals as well as objectives for the same. It is advisable to set SMART goals for particular organization. It mainly includes attributes: S stands for specific This implies using the key performance indicators for meeting the selected business strategies in an organization. It should be specific and concrete in nature (Kotabe Helsen, 2011). M stands for measurable This reveals that KPI should be measurable in terms of money. It includes calculation of ration analysis as well as related financial statements for the same. A stands for achievable This mainly focuses on set ambitious targets that will help in motivating as well as inspiring employees. R stands for realistic This mainly reveals the realistic targets achievable in the upcoming years. T stands for time-bound It implies progress and clear sense of deadlines for the specified business organization. Business culture enables business strategy for positive effect on financial performance in value chain Business culture mainly underlies the assumptions on the strategic management issues in relation with value chain analysis for the same. It focuses on the goals and clear objectives for development of shareholder expectations for evaluating related options in an overall manner (Sheehan, 2011). Business culture includes promoting diversity in and around an organization. It varies with changed environment especially for the resource managers in the most appropriate form. Cultural Norms governing organization and types of behaviors for promotion of culture It is important to consider the fact that culture norms plays important role for checking the behavior pattern of employees working in an organization (Winer Dhar, 2011). It includes rules and regulations for reflection on the stakeholder expectations. It mainly evaluates various options for the purpose of communicating the strategic goals in an overall manner. Reference List Dahlstrom, R. (2011).Green marketing management. Mason, Ohio: South-Western / Cengage Learning. Ferrell, O., Hartline, M. (2011).Marketing management strategies. Australia: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Kotabe, M., Helsen, K. (2011).Global marketing management. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Sheehan, B. (2011).Marketing management. Lausanne, Switzerland: AVA Pub. Winer, R., Dhar, R. (2011).Marketing management. Boston: Prentice Hall.

Inherit The Wind Essays (931 words) - Scopes Trial,

Inherit The Wind The Truth about Stanley Kramers Inherit the Wind History is consistently used in films as a technique to teach the values and morals of events that occurred. But whats the point in teaching history through films when they are terribly fictional? In films, the director finds the best scheme to intrigue their audience only by changing the actual event to satisfy their interest. This is true for Stanley Kramer when he made the history of John Scopes and his monkey trial into a film called Inherit the Wind. Kramer knew the exact stereotypical Hollywood history his audience enjoyed. The trial itself had a series of conflicts, the main one being evolution vs. religion. Yet there was also a series of tensions throughout the movie, including the argument between individual vs. society. The same themes from Inherit the Wind can also be seen from the actual monkey trial event in Dayton, Tennessee. It is sometimes said that truth is stranger than fiction and according to this film, truth is also stronger than fiction. Inherit the Wind ignored the true dramatic moment, which is essential to the actual trial that happened in Dayton, Tennessee. Kramer even portrayed his own opinion of this trial in this film. The truth was so distorted in the film so now the argument is not individual vs. society or evolution vs. religion but history vs. fiction. Inherit the Wind is set in the little town of Hillsboro when Bertram Cates (played by), a biology teacher, was thrown into prison for teaching Darwins theory of evolution. Two famous lawyers were behind this case, Henry Drummond (played by) as the defender and Mathew Harrison Brady (played by), as the prosecutor. Mathew Harrison Brady who was voted 3 times for a presidential candidate was sent to Hillsboro is carry out the job as a prosecutor for this trial. As for Cates, a journalist from Baltimore Herald by the name of E.K. Horrbeck willingly provided a lawyer named Henry Drummond for him. Horrbeck was interested in the Cates, expecting to make big bucks from this big media case. The two opposing lawyers, Drummond and Brady, were Kramers two main characters, both with different opinions on how humans arrived on earth. Drummond supported the evolution theory, while Brady, the creation theory. In this film, Kramer distorted the facts of the actual trial to make this film more of a dr ama than a history documentary. He added fictitious characters like Reverend Heremiah Brown (played by) and his daughter Rachel Brown (played by) to bring this drama out. Its obvious that Rachel is used as icon in Inherit the Wind to make film be seen as more of a drama with the typical love story that directly attracts more audience to his film. Kramer also added Bradys death in the courtroom. He dramatically died of a heart attack in the chaotic courtroom at the end of the trial after his last speech. Persecuted The film is far from the truth, the actual trial didnt happen in quite the same way. The 1925, Dayton, Tennessee went against one of its individual, John Scopes. He just so happened to be substituting for a biology class that was learning about the Darwins theory. Similar to the film, the actual lawyers, Darrow and Bryan were also famous in their position of the society. Darrow was the defender, and Bryan, the prosecutor. The characters in this film also had different personalities compared with the actual history figures they are. Take Drummond for example, he was less cynical and biting than Scopes actual defender, Darrow. Brady, on the other hand, was portrayed more of a comical fanatic at moments in the courtroom. From this event on, the flaws of this little town began to reveal. The townspeople of Hillsboro were far more frenzied, mean-spirited, and ignorant than the real citizens of Dayton were toward this trial. From the fictitious characters and the distant differences between the history and film, I can conclude that Kramer was completely biased when he was directing this film. When the actual trial and the film are compared, itd obvious that Kramer was not only thinking of his audiences interest but his own. He was biased

Resume Writing Format

Resume Writing Format Basically there are three different formats for writing resumes. There is the chronological resume writing format, which focuses mainly on prior experiences in the work force. Using this format is good when you want to focus on your prior work experiences. This is effective when you are looking to change jobs within the same field or when applying to corporations that rely mainly on your past experiences. This particular resume writing format shows exactly where you worked and for how long of a time. It also tells a prospective employer what you did in each job. If you are looking to change to an entirely different career field then this type of resume wouldn’t work very well as all it does is show what you’ve done at the places that you have worked. It doesn’t show your talents or any extracurricular activity that you may be looking to switch over into. Another resume writing format is called the functional resume. This type of resume makes it much easier for the reader to see all your qualifications in one spot. With the chronological, you have everything listed under each job and the reader has to read though each one to get an idea of your qualifications. With the functional resume writing format, you can showcase them all in one section. Remember, when a prospective employer reads resumes, he most likely has hundreds to wade through. He’ll probably devote a good ten seconds on each one and if nothing catches his eye, it’ll go into the reject pile. This is where the functional resume can really jump out and grab someone’s attention. This type of resume writing format is recommended for someone looking to make a career change into a totally different field. When you’re looking to do this, obviously your prior job experiences isn’t going to count much but if you have skills or qualifications in th e career you are hoping to move into, you’ll have the ability to list them in the functional resume writing format. A drawback of this type of resume is that it can make it difficult for some interviewers to determine exactly what you have done and where. The third type of resume is one which combines both the chronological and the functional formats. This type of resume can be the most effective one as it showcases your talents and qualifications as well as shows any prospective employers what your job duties were at each place. Using the combined resume format takes the obvious advantages that one can get from both resume formats but by doing so, this type of resume writing format can get a little longer than most. Keep in mind that you only have approximately ten seconds to grab someone’s attention so focus on making your desired statement at the very beginning of the resume. Do this in a way that will pull the reader in and spark their interest enough to keep reading. Keep in mind the kind of career you are looking for and tailor your resume accordingly. A more traditional kind of field may require nothing but a chronological resume format while other, more creative, fields may prefer the functional type. Get some reference books and look for the different resume formats and play around with the information you have until you get an eye-catching resume. One that will pull the prospective interviewer in and make him want to pick up the phone and call you to find out more.

English assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English assessment - Essay Example cording to Garrison and Ehringhaus, relying on one of the two procedures more may lead to students’ needs becoming unclear since one form of assessment cannot provide a full picture of the situation. Summative assessment is used to evaluate certain students’ needs, and usually has a form of tests, semester exams, end of unit or end of chapter tests, etc. (Gao, 2002). Bloom, Hastings and Madhaus (1971) define summative assessment as evaluation conducted at the ends of certain periods of time in order to judge the sufficiency of students’ knowledge. Such an assessment is to define the final grade of the students, as well as help educators to make corrections and adjustment in the current curriculum, where needed, in order for the learning needs to be met in future. At the same time a summative assessment cannot reflect the efficiency of teaching in its process because assessment is carried out only after the instruction – so any curriculum or methodological improvements can be implemented in future practice only. Therefore, formative assessment is the one to evaluate the process of learning in its process, and, consequently, is a part of the teaching process. Incorporated into the educational process, it is to discover gaps and adjust both teaching and learning processes to the students’ needs immediately in the process of learning. Besides, such an approach enables educators to raise the learning standards (Black & Wiliam, 1998) right in the process of teaching: having evaluated the current needs of each individual student, including those with lower abilities, a teacher can address them immediately. The information provided by formative assessment is to be used for modifying the teaching and learning activities in the classroom in order to get the best possible learning results (Black & William, 1998). This idea is also supported by Fennell & Maccoll (1983), who point out that formative assessment is important and useful for getting feedback on

Historia Electronica Preface, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Historia Electronica Preface, - Essay Example However, all this is missed out in electronica why so much of it is characterized by naà ¯ve melodies that resemble chimes of a music-box. In electronica, the pigment is more essential that the lines and therefore complicated melodies would definitely hinder the materiality of the original sound. Due to the recent technology which includes the use of computers to serve the purpose of the guitar and digital signal processing, allow an outstanding display of timbral colors. In electronic music dance, every element functions as both rhythm and texture. On the other hand, melody is presented as simple, little vamps that function as rhythmic cogs which interlock, resulting to a groove. Drums patterns are mostly experienced in electronica music dance and the rhythmic subdivisions become more complex overtime. Electronic music dance portrays the aspect of being lost in music. People are carried away by the rhythmic sound as they are meditatively engaged in the sonic events that infuse more. Drug imagery comes out as a central aspect in electronic imagination, and this enumerates the loss of ego that makes one to be overwhelmed. In the hierarchy of senses, sight which is mostly privileged is overthrown as hearing is considered the most superior sense. This notion provides a good reason as to why light is not preferred in warehouse raves. The impression created out of this is that when visual is diminished, sound becomes more vivid. The audio-tactile which is a vibrational continuum acts as the amplifier and literally obscures retinal perception. The culture of the dance is about participation while the video is about spectatorship. If the club is more underground, it is likely to experience less visual distractions as there is less to be seen and the scene is more hardcore in electronic mu sic dance. Electronic dance music is closely connected to the drug culture. Even when the music is not meant to enhance drugs, it relays drug-like

Modernism in the 19th Century Essay Example for Free

Modernism in the 19th Century Essay Modernism was a response to the political, economic and the social chaos of the mid-19th century. Modernists believed in the practical usage of knowledge to solve society’s problems. For them, disciplines should not be sources of abstract concepts. Modernism in the 19th Century Europe in the mid-19th century was characterized with toppled thrones, repressive regimes, civil wars, executions and exiles. Ordinary citizens found themselves trapped in one despotic government after another. The promising careers of many artists were ruined, as many of them either died or fled their homelands. The intellectuals, meanwhile, were already too discredited and disillusioned to be able to work for change (Barzun, 1990). The ideas that were once regarded as the means to bring about a better world were now despised and even blamed for the turbulent status quo. Concepts such as liberty, fraternity and equality were dismissed as the products of feeble minds or glib rhetoricians. The images of hard matter and the evil man were embraced as the true representations of reality. Science and politics eventually became the two most important disciplines of the aforementioned period (Barzun, 1990). Consequently, modernism emerged in the late 19th century. Unlike its predecessor, Romanticism, modernism was a discipline that focused on the commonplace. Emphasis was given to â€Å"the dull, dreary, sordid (and) repetitious occurrences of daily life† (Barzun, 1990). The soberness of word and feeling ridiculous replaced the Romanticist notions of love of life and of love itself (Barzun, 1990). Modernism and Progress The prevailing economic situation in the late 19th-century Europe was likewise responsible for the rise of modernism. Urban areas that have separate business, industrial and residential districts proliferated across the continent. Consequently, people during this period assumed a mindset that welcomed innovation instead of constantly relying on past knowledge. Scientific inventions such as steam power, the telegraph and cast iron inspired them to come up with more progressive means of studying â€Å"classical† fields such as architecture, art, literature, applied arts, literature and music (Marx and Mazlish, 1996). Simply put, modernism became synonymous to the usage of â€Å"traditional† subjects to create new ideas that would bring about more progress. The discovery of cast iron, for instance, did not result in just railroad bridges. Architects during this period also used cast iron to come up with amazing structures such as the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France. The Eiffel Tower was a novelty in the sense that it was a radically different combination of engineering and art (Marx and Mazlish, 1996). The social sciences, meanwhile, were no longer just an abstract set of theories and principles. Fields such as economics and political science were utilized to improve public administration and governance. The theories of psychology, such as those of Ernst Mach and Sigmund Freud, were applied to the treatment of psychological disorders. In previous centuries, the mentally ill were regarded as a family disgrace and were therefore banished to asylums, where they were treated inhumanely. The studies of Mach and Freud on the human mind would later become part of the foundations of modern-day psychology and psychiatry. Modernism and Religion In the context of religion, modernism translated to the â€Å"(reinterpretation of) Christian (doctrines) in terms of the scientific thought of the 19th century† (MSN Encarta, 2008). Some dogmas of the Roman Catholic and the Protestant Churches were started to be construed as symbolic instead of as literally true. Examples of Modernists in the Roman Catholic Church were theologians George Tyrell, Baron Friedrich von Hugel and Alfred Loisy. Rome responded harshly to them – Pope Pius X condemned the movement as â€Å"heretical, false, rash (and) bold† on July 3, 1907 (MSN Encarta, 2008). Protestant Modernists such as the German theologians Friedrich Schleiermacher and Albrecht Ritschl, meanwhile, wanted to reconcile religious dogmas and history with the theory of evolution and discoveries in ancient history, psychology and archaeology. As a result, they did not believe in the literal inspiration of the Bible and the historical accuracy of the Gospels. For them, moral and ethical behavior was more important to Christian life, rather than blind obedience to formal creeds. In addition, church officials should prioritize social activities over academic issues (MSN Encarta, 2008). Conclusion The most noteworthy characteristic of modernism in the 19th century is that it encouraged the practical use of knowledge to solve problems. Ideas of the existing schools of thought during the 19th century were no longer abstract concepts – they were actually used to come up with progress. Instead of merely shouting â€Å"Liberty, Fraternity and Equality! † economic principles were applied to ensure wise government spending. And rather than arguing that â€Å"Jesus Christ is the Savior of the world,† it would be easier to make people understand that â€Å"Jesus Christ was sent on earth to teach human beings to love one another as they love themselves. † References Barzun, J. (1990). The Cradle of Modernization. American Scholar, 59, 519-527. Retrieved December 15, 2008 from EBSCO. Marx, L. , Mazlish, B. (1996). Progress: Fact or Illusion? Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. MSN Encarta. (2008). Modernism (Religion). Retrieved December 15, 2008, from http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761568195/Modernism_(religion). html

An Essay on Man :: Alexander Pope Religion Essays

An Essay on Man Alexander Pope's An Essay on Man is an attempt to vindicate, as Milton had attempted to justify, the ways of God to man. Both attempt to explain God to man, but come up with different conclusions. Milton states that man can overcome God's design through faith and decency. In contrast, Pope remarks that man must accept what life gives him without trying to change his fate. Milton seeks to "justify the ways of God to men" (Paradise Lost, 1.26) through example. Paradise Lost focuses on the fall of man and the consequences thereof. After the fall of man, Adam and Eve must endure their punishments, and achieve redemption. They can no longer live within the confines of Eden; but through faith and conviction they will persevere. God gives Adam and Eve free will and the use of reason. Although they choose poorly and are punished with the pains and sufferings of humanity, God allows Adam and Eve to live; though not as they were accustomed to in Paradise. They must live life as we know it; with its weaknesses, yearnings, inevitable defeats; but with the knowledge that they can overcome "To leave this Paradise, but shalt posses / A Paradise within thee, happier far" (Paradise Lost, 12.586-587). Similar to Milton, Pope tries to "vindicate the ways of God to man" (An Essay on Man, p. 2264.16), however he derives a different conclusion. Pope believes that "In pride, in reasoning pride, our error lies" (An Essay on Man, p. 2266.123). He sets out to demonstrate that no matter how imperfect and disturbingly evil the universe may appear; it is nonetheless a work of God and must be accepted "Then say not man's imperfect, Heaven in fault; / Say rather, man's as perfect as he ought" (An Essay on Man, p. 2265.69-70). It seems imperfect to us only because our perceptions are limited by our moral and intellectual capacity. His conclusion is "And, spite of pride, in erring reason's spite, / One truth is clear: Whatever is, is RIGHT" (An Essay on Man, p. 2270.291 - 292) that we must learn to accept our positions in the universe, in which we can, lead happy and virtuous lives.

Christmas carol Essay

In a Christmas carol by Charles Dickens, scrooge becomes a reformed character by the end of the story. Explain how effectively Dickens shows the extent of these character changes. The story tells of scrooge who is transported through time to the Christmas’ of his childhood, the present and the future. The following essay will take you through these time periods. At the beginning of the story scrooge is portrayed as a dull, bleak character. On the front cover for example we can see scrooge in a dark room on his own. The only light is from the small candle on his mantle piece. He has grey hair and a long pointy nose. Scrooge’s personality was very negative and dull. We know that his attitude is bad as when his nephew wishes him a merry Christmas he replies â€Å"bah, humbug. â€Å"scrooges nephew then again wishes scrooge a merry Christmas but again only gets a response of â€Å"what reason have you to be merry, you’re poor enough † when scrooges nephew replies â€Å"you’re rich enough what reason have you to be dismissal† scrooge has no answer to that question. As well as showing us scrooge’s negative personality it also shows us his attitude towards Christmas. Scrooge also has a negative attitude towards the poor. We learn about this as when the charity collectors come, one says â€Å"at this time of year it is usually more than desirable that we should make some slight provision for the poor. † â€Å"Are there no prisons† replied scrooge At hearing this, the inspector says â€Å"yes plenty, but many can’t go there and many would rather die. † A cold hearted scrooge then replies â€Å"well then they had better do it quick and decrease the surplus population. † The collectors were astonished and after this they realised there would be no point in pursuing there point. The gentlemen left. After this incident a couple of carol singers called at scrooge’s house. As soon as scrooge opened the door he raised a large stick and the small boys fled. At the end of the story scrooge became a completely reformed character. He walked the streets with a smile on his face; he then also went to church and watched the people hurrying to and fro. He looked into kitchens of houses and found that anything could yield him pleasure. Earlier on in the story scrooge was invited to his nephews Christmas dinner. He rejected the invite. Later that afternoon he turned his steps towards the party. He walked in and said â€Å"where is my love† â€Å"He’s in the dining room â€Å"said the servant. Scrooge made his way to the dining room and when he walked in everyone looked at him bemused. â€Å"Why bless my soul† cried Fred â€Å"who’s that† â€Å"Its I, your uncle scrooge, I have come to dinner. Will you let me in Fred? † â€Å"Of course† replied Fred. After the party instead of scrooges usual party pooper image he cried â€Å"wonderful party, wonderful games, wonderful unanimity, wonderful happiness. † Scrooge was completely reformed. Another thing that proved scrooges reformation was when Bob Cratchit turned up late for work. He was pleading with scrooge not to fire him. Instead scrooge said â€Å"a very merry Christmas and offered him a pay rise. The reader is kept interested by the ghosts that challenge scrooge each time. Once scrooge has past the first challenge the reader wants to stay and see if he passes the next one. Once he passes the second challenge the level of tension rises. After passing the third challenge scrooge remembers what he was like at the start of the story. Some of the words he used come back to haunt him. The overall message is that you don’t have to be a ‘scrooge’ if you consider others misfortunes and try to help out as much as possible. You will lead a much happier life if you are thoughtful and considerate. The story makes you wonder which side of scrooge you are most similar to. It leaves a clear question in your head. † how could I change? â€Å"

Critical Analysis Of Young Goodman Brown - 1393 Words

I believe that the short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a fight between Evil and Good of both the mind and soul of Young Goodman Brown. Tries Retaining his faith but fails and sees those around him to be evil except himself. Evil is the nature of humankind it hides in the shadows of our inner thoughts. It is the temptation we face on a daily basis. We have the choice whether to give into it or merely overcome it. During his journey through the dark woods Young Goodman Brown sought out his inner evil. Young Goodman Brown, the main character travels into the dark, gloomy forest. We do not know the reason why he does. As we take a closer look at what is happening, we notice that he leaves during the late hours of the night where any evil†¦show more content†¦Perhaps the traveler he meets is his own â€Å"personal† devil it is the evil that lies in Brown’s heart. Hurley states that before this journey that Brown has come into contact with evil and sin b efore. As they travel together, the old man tells him that his father and his grandfather had taken the same path that he was taking. Goodman Brown in disbelief did not believe the elder traveler. Of course Brown did not believe the traveler how he could? How could someone he just met in the woods know things about himself? Through the story, Young Goodman Browns personality is shown to be as simple and with a pious nature. However, Young Goodman Brown does show he has faith towards God, but he has very little of it, unlike his wife. â€Å"Well; she’s a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night, I’ll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven†(Hawthorne 610). Young Goodman Brown would rather cling to his wife to get to heaven than perform any good action of his own. It defeats how he is seen by others he is no longer simple with a pious nature. It goes to show that perhaps Young Goodman Brown does have some faith but very little of it. As Young Goodman Brown continues to venture deeper into the woods, the Devil begins to tempt him little by little. Unfortunately Brown gives up all too easily which leads to losing his faith and becoming corrupted. He does what the Devil asks of him without questioningShow MoreRelatedYoung Goodman Brown from a Moral Standpoint1352 Words   |   6 PagesHawthorne discovered that his ancestors were founders and Puritan leaders of the Salem witch trials. Shortly after this tragic finding, he wrote â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† a tale that is considered one of the greatest in American literature. Analyzing Nathaniel Hawthorne’s work from a moral perspective can help illuminate his short story: â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† Hawthorne was both prideful and embarrassed in the actions of his ancestors. 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